Global Antivirals Market 2010-2025 New report explains how this important anti-infective market will develop
In 2009, the global market for antiviral drugs attained total sales of over $28bn. With hundreds of millions of people worldwide suffering from chronic or acute viral infections, there is enormous need for antiviral drugs. It is only in the past few decades that researchers have begun to find ways of combating viruses. Because viruses mutate rapidly and acquire drug-resistance, the antiviral pipeline needs to be continuously replenished with newer, better therapies, our new market study notes. ( http://www.bharatbook.com/detail.asp?id=133085&rt=Global-Antivirals-Market-2010-2025.html )
Global Antivirals Market 2010-2025 forecasts how the global antivirals market will grow and change over the next 15 years. We predict that the market will continue to expand, driven by significant unmet needs, expanding patient populations, better diagnostics and innovative new drugs, including combination therapies. This report offers detailed and extensive coverage of the principal antiviral drugs, with comprehensive sales forecasting at class and brand levels. We also provide up-to-date assessments of the most-exciting antiviral agents in development.
This new study provides a detailed breakdown of the market by disease area, and forecasts how market shares of the main viral therapy classes will shift from 2010 onwards. More-effective and better-tolerated drugs will bring improved therapies for important diseases, including hepatitis B and C, to many patients in future. How will the global antiviral drug market develop from 2010 onwards? Where will the main revenue gains be made, by market sector and country? What are the most-promising R&D pipeline developments? This new report provides the answers that you require.
Global Antivirals Market 2010-2025 also assesses the leading companies, with their performances in the antivirals market predicted. We cover the leading national markets for antiviral agents separately, with comprehensive forecasts for North America, Europe and Asia. In particular, we examine China and India as expanding antiviral markets with large under-met patient needs at present.
Comprehensive analysis of the antiviral pharmaceuticals market
Global Antivirals Market 2010-2025 critically examines that sector through a comprehensive review of primary and secondary information sources. Our new report provides detailed sales forecasts, market share analyses, discussions of pipeline developments and analyses of commercial drivers and restraints. There are over 75 tables and figures included, as well as two original interviews with relevant experts. The result is a comprehensive market- and industry-centred study, with detailed analyses and informed opinion to benefit your work.
This report gives you the following benefits in particular:
* You will receive a comprehensive analysis of the prospects for antiviral drugs from 2010 to 2025, including predicted revenues, growth rates and other important data * You will find out where the market is heading - both technologically and commercially - from the present onwards, both for the overall world market and for leading national markets * You will discover the prospects for leading companies and disease classes, including sales revenues and market shares from 2010 onwards * You will discover expert opinion from our original survey * You will identify key R&D pipeline developments and up-and-coming products * You will discover the drivers, restraints, competition and opportunities influencing the antivirals market * You will discover prospects for Tamiflu, in light of the recent swine flu outbreak.
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–Attempting a brief analysis of material transformation in vivo and in vitro with micro-organisms
Material transformation in vitro and in vivo is very important to human health. However, there are some indistinct contradictions between the theory applied by us and the basic principle of material cycle. Following these contradictions, through an analysis of the relationship between food and human body, connecting macrocosm with microcosm and proper application of deduction and inference, this manuscript reveals from the periphery the theoretical mistake in the material transformation in vivo, which could be interpreted in some sense as a verifiable pathological basis of many modern diseases. In order to increase production of crops, maybe we have also been brought into some kind of mistake in agricultural production. At the same time, it also gives a clue about how to continuously track the theory.
Background
The material transformation in vivo and in vitro receives a lesser attention at present mainly because a definite conclusion in theory regarding this has already been formulated thus further discussion about this may seem to be futile to some people. However, with in-depth research and analysis, inconsistencies have been found, especially in its basic principles and its application in relevant disciplines. For instance:
1. In extant agricultural production, the massive application of chemical fertilizers has resulted in some profound changes in the quality of the crops, whether were we brought into some kind of mistake?
2. In the material transformation in vivo, the leading theory gave no thought to the basic principle and completely interpreted all the material transformation in vivo with a purely chemical process (1), like ingestive materials being directly converted into elements of the human body. Thus an essential link would be absent in the material transformation in vivo and be contrary to its transformational law.
3. In the professional teaching and research of microbiology, although the relationship between micro-organisms and the human body had been explored with great efforts, usually it was the direct relationship that received the attention; they did not connect it with the material transformation in vivo following the material cycle theory.
4. In clinical practice, although chemical medicines for treating various diseases were produced and used more and more, in fact the diseases (especially modern and intractable ones) were growing even more rapidly. The medicines were invariably unable to keep up with the acceleration of the diseases (2), and humanity was in a passive position on the whole.
Facing the above contradictions, if we adjust our point of view, we might widen our range of observations and perceptions and so perhaps find answers to some of the problems.
?. Enlightenment from Pigs Eating Coal
On 08 Apr. 2007, Alibaba Net published a news item: A Polish scientist Ania Rjasa found that “feeding brown coal to pigs as a dietary supplement is good for their health. Pigs fed on brown coal were found to be fatter, happier, healthier and less stressed than the ones fed on standard chemical additions (3)”.
According to the principle of biological evolution, there was no coal exposed in nature for pigs in remote antiquity to eat when they were born, and coal played no role in the conditions of the pigs’ births. In other words, this practice of these pigs eating coal was not inherited from their ancient parents, but was acquired in more recent times.
Since these modern pigs like to eat coal in particular it shows that they are lacking in the similar materials in vivo. Pigs are a close relative of humans, and belong to omnivorous category of animals, too. Their types of foods are very close to human’s and on the whole, they also live in the same environment. Then, are we, humans, lacking the same materials in vivo? Thus it brings us to the seriousness of the problem into which we shall probe.
Plant roots grow deep into soil because there are some inorganic and reduced materials in the underground facultative anaerobic and anaerobic environments for them to absorb. Following year after year of absorption by the plants, the original subterranean inorganic materials have reached an exhausted critical point, or a particular balance point, and the main resource now for the plants to absorb must be found in the reduction of organic materials in the material cycle. This situation asks us to focus on the material cycle, and the targeted result is the inevitable deduction of the two major unobservable mistakes in the material transformation, in agricultural production and inside our own bodies.
?. Two Major Mistakes
1. Being brought into a mistake in agricultural production
In the whole of nature, humanity is its pride, and also its disaster. Objectively speaking, it is a selfish human division that classifies the animal kingdom into beneficial and harmful, and it is also a simplistic classification like that of children labeling people into good and bad persons. If invited the comments of all of the living nature, it should be said that the human animal is the most harmful animal, because human beings have brought the greatest harm to the whole animal kingdom and to all of nature. In accordance with the theory of “Labor Created Mankind”, human nature has determined our reform and destruction to the environment and nature. In other words, human development is based on this reform and destruction of the environment and nature. Accompanying the development of science and technology, the degree of this damage has increased from little to large and from shallow to deep and has not only affected animals and plants and caused massive exterminations of species, but has also affected our own health and survival.
Besides the effect of improvement in varieties, the massive application of chemical fertilizer has been greatly increasing crop production as well as playing a major role in the survival of the human species. But its side-effects have been bringing about impairment in the quality of plant cells even as it has been causing large-scale damage to the water, atmosphere, soil and edaphon. As a result, the crops only seem to be fully filled but lose their massive nutritional contents. Today’s steamed bread and rice are less chewy and sweet, sesame oil is less fragrant, meats are less delicious, amphisarca is less sweet, and peanuts, soybeans, corn etc. also have many differences from their past specimens. All of them are full of a strong “fertilizer taste”.
Why would the crops quality result in such a big difference after the extensive use of the fertilizers? These problems could not help being pondered over.
On the basis of the world materiality principle, a certain part of the repeatedly increasing crop yield undoubtedly comes from the conversion of the chemical fertilizer under the situation that the underground materials are unchanged and even the organic-based substrates are decreasing (papermaking and burning would lead to straw reverting to soil less and less). In other words, a part of our current foods comes from the conversion of chemical fertilizer, that is, a part of the foods of humans is converted chemical fertilizer. This may not accepted by many people, but ordinary people can understand.
In general, we are only concerned about the yields of crops in agricultural production, and seldom care about their quality. If the yields were inversely proportional to the quality, or were traded with the quality, then, when the quality of products (or the value for human and animal) reached zero following the yield increase, what significance would there be for us to increase the yields with great efforts?! From the “Enlightenment from Pigs Eating Coal”, the micro-organisms in the underground facultative anaerobic and anaerobic environments have been certainly damaged severely, resulting in a serious problem for the underground material transformation. We only take the crops’ yields into account, but do not take into consideration the damage to the underground micro-organisms, which can not but say that we are brought into a mistake.
The application of pesticides, firstly, it might affect the plant cells on the surface and change the condition of their exterior growth. This might happen after they have suffered a strong interference from this external influence on their growing processes. Next, in concert with the soil acidification and compaction caused by the application of chemical fertilizers, the pesticides might damage the internal quality of the plant cells. This would be due to the destruction of the edaphon when a pesticide penetrated the underground and changed the cells’ material transformation. Also, the carbon dioxide absorbed by the plants from the atmosphere would have a negative effect on the plant cells because of pollution in the air.
If we pursue this basic line of reasoning, we can make the further deduction (which could effectuate shock in many and, perhaps, even extreme fear, too) that nearly 100% of the plant cells have been seriously affected by the chemical fertilizers, pesticides and air pollution. And, consequently, the inevitable end would be that nearly 100% of the plant cells would be missing a significant percentage of their central, key elements because of the changes in their internal and external conditions. Therefore, to humanity and other animals as heterotrophic organisms, it would mean that every cell of our food is lacking in nutriment.
2. Mistakes in the Material Cycle in vivo
In the current national authoritative regulations, it is indicated that “although there are still some food ingredients such as plant celluloses that could be broken down by bacteria in the caecum, generally speaking their significance is little (1)”. And taking a comprehensive look at college and senior high school textbooks, we learn that when they survey the material transformation in vivo, both groups have interpreted the material digestion as the pure chemical action of digestive enzymes and did not refer to the involvement of micro-organisms. As for the medical application, the prevention of bacterial infection has commonly emphasized using the “fighting the bacteria” approach. In the area of health care, the attention on the intestinal micro-organisms has been focused only on a few kinds, such as bifidobacterium?lactobacillus. It has dwelled by and large on the direct influence on the human body by the levels of microflora balance and imbalance and so has not been able to completely reflect the action of intestinal micro-organisms. In the area of popular theory, many papers have touched upon the effect of microbial metabolites on people, but usually they show those effects that are similar to chemical action; they have not made any further studies of how the organic materials are acted upon by micro-organisms and have not even placed the intestinal environment and micro-organisms on a high degree of material transformation.
There are no unified versions about the kinds of intestinal micro-organisms; some have said there are more than 100 and some have said there are more than 700 (4). Concerning the quantity of the micro-organisms in feces, some have said about 1/3 and some have said about 40%, difficulty as a basis. But one thing may be certain. According to the Darwinian evolutionary principle of the survival of the fittest, if the intestinal micro-organisms, in addition to the ones difficult to expel with feces, were living according to the ruthless law of the jungle, their quantity should be higher than the results of the in vitro test before the feces left the body. If, according to the principle of Mao Zedong’s “universe would be divided infinitely”, some micro-organisms were unable to be detected by the existing means of detection, and the micro-organisms in the intestine should be more in quantity.
On the basis of present known research achievements, the material transformation could not be separated from the micro-organisms. Whether inorganic matter is converted into plants or plant and animal bodies are converted into inorganic matter, the constant material movement following the inorganic — organic — inorganic law is ensured all because of their participation. But for many years our theorists have been insisting that plant materials are converted into the animal bodies by the function of the digestive juices produced by the animal bodies themselves. However, due to the fact that almost half of the intestinal contents is micro-organisms, such interpretation obviously could not justify itself nor conform to the law of material transformation. If the material transformation in vivo was interpreted by the pure chemical method, it would obviously present a mode of organic—organic, which would bring about an asymmetry of the transformation mode in the material cycle process, and so lose an essential link and form a contradiction.
The digestion and absorption of food mainly relies on the enzymes in the digestive juices. But actually do the enzymes in the digestive juices come from the organism’s own body or from the micro-organisms? The established scientific authorities and theorists always maintain that the enzymes come from the body’s own synthesis, the idea being that the ingestive materials could be directly converted into the components of the human body. Although the results and experimental data of some research have reflected some conflicts with this concept, they have not yet been able to break through the shackles of the original theoretical framework. Please see ?Preliminary Analysis of Biological Enzymes Originating from Micro-organisms? (5). The paper has listed the various contradictions, clarified the erroneous concept (such as the enzymes come from the body’s own synthesis) and thereby revealed that the belief (in which the ingestive materials could be directly converted into the human body materials) was the root of the obvious mistake. Apparently, it remains to be a blind zone in the basic theory and practice of medicine, nutriology, health care, etc.
Because it is fettered by the traditional theory, the material cycle in vivo is still understood as a simple cycle. At present, the theory cycle pays much attention to the passage of food from the oral cavity to the exit of the waste material as egested feces; this part of the process can easily be superficially observed. However little attention has been paid to probably the more important part of the process: wherein the converted materials enter the circulatory system and finally the cells’ wastes are exported by the blood to the excretory canal. If the dynamic and connection viewpoint and method were applied to analyze the movement of material in the body, it would be found that large amounts of material are entering the circulatory system to supply the body after the food was converted by the intestinal micro-organisms and every tissue cell would be observed to be discharging much waste. Well then, how many of these materials moving through this passage are converted? How many are discharged? How many have been used up in vivo? Moreover, how are they being used up? The research in this regard seems very weak.
?. Two Major Mistakes Cause Cells Hunger
In theory, all of us know that micro-organisms are the foundation of the existence of human and animal life. But in fact, whether inorganic matter is transformed into plants, or plants are transformed into the matter that makes up human and animal bodies, human beings almost completely ignored the important role of micro-organisms. The repercussion of which has been great harm to the plants, human beings and animals, and it would not be an exaggeration regardless of how excessively we state it because it has caused an incomparable disaster.
Based on the present information that we have grasped, most scientists generally have agreed that there are 28 kinds of total life elements, including hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, bromine, molybdenum, tin and iodine (6).
Referring to the life elements, we can see that the N, P and K (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in the fertilizer are only a part of the chemical elements that plants need. If straw is returned to the soil less and less and the plants are boosted into growing bigger by a large supply of these 3 elements, the direct effect would undoubtedly be the debilitation of the other elements. The indirect effect, in addition to the serious pollution of the soil, would inevitably be that due to their easy absorption of the high ratio of N, P and K in the shallow soil, the plant roots could not extend to enough depths, and the absorption of the other mineral elements would be further decreased. Thus, the consequence would be that there would be insufficient amounts of many nutrients and the plant cells would certainly be in a hunger condition.
Human beings belong to the heterotrophic group of organisms, unlike the plants which can absorb their nutrients from the soil and the carbon, nitrogen etc. in the air. Humans could only have come from the plants and the animals derived from the plants. So their dependence on the plants becomes key. According to the materialism standpoint and the principle that matter is primary, all human cells that are based on the plants ought also to be in a hunger condition so long as 100% of the plant cells are innutrition. To explain it in simple language, if the cells of the human body could not have a swiftly adaptive variation for meeting the rapid changes in the nutritional ingredients in the food cells that have been caused by us humans in modern times, all of humanity (not including the medical patients) should be in a state of sub-health.
In addition to the natural pollution sure to be translocated into the body, chemicals such as antibiotics and other medicines (almost all of them are produced on the theoretical basis that the ingestive materials could be directly converted into the materials of the human body) taken by humans and livestock have caused our blood to suffer more serious pollution than the natural world. Since at present large areas of plants irrigated from the polluted water source would be put to death, it would become inevitable that the cells of the body supported by the even more polluted blood would generate their cancerization and other chronic diseases. In the case that every histiocyte in the polluted blood is in a long-term hunger state, its vitality is bound to get lower, and certainly its immunity would generally decline. Some modern and intractable diseases, such as tumors, infectious diseases and many others in the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, nutrient systems, endocrine system, immune system and blood system etc., could be easily interpreted with such a causal relationship.
?. Conclusions
There are the different angles of view regarding the self-understanding of human body, thus we can have the different viewpoints and conclusions. If from outside to inside, from the principle to its application, from taking ourselves as center to returning ourselves to the nature and put our own as part of the natural world, the conclusion would be quite different from the traditional theory.
The humanity is the high-level intelligent animal in the nature. But if thought that man could conquer nature and could be apart from the restriction of the natural law, she would commit an error in principle and suffer a punishment of the nature inevitably. The nature is still that nature, but already not the former one. It has experienced a large-scale transformation by human. The humanity is still that humanity, but already not the former one. She has been the one living in the natural environment on a massive transformation by herself. This transformation has certain relationship with many modern diseases.
If it was said it was inevitable that the humanity suffered the punishment of the nature because we had to transform the nature for our own development, then it should be artificial that the humanity suffered a more self-inflicted harm in the cognitive bias on micro-organisms. On the basis of the theory of material transformation and its specific application in the relevant disciplines, we can see that micro-organisms are not redundant, but are a necessary key element in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro. From this, it naturally reveals the mistake in the material transformation in vivo. In agricultural production, we have also been brought into a mistake only to run after high yield without regard to the quality. Following the relevance between food and human body, in addition to the cognitive bias on micro-organisms, the cells of human body would go further hungry naturally under the condition of malnourished crop cells and to some extent become the pathological basis of some modern and intractable diseases.
In theory, although the analysis and understanding in the manuscript are still very superficial and immature, even some of them are considered unreasonable by experts, however, a number of contradictions have been revealed from the periphery, and they have touched on the problem of the micro-organisms’ role in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro. Why could the ingestive materials not actually be directly transformed into the human or animal body and what roles would the micro-organisms play in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro? The brief analysis in this text has not gotten to the roots of the questions. So this topic still needs to be given further discussion.
References:
1. Latest Complete Collection of National Food Safety Quality Identification and Test Standard, The Web Site of bbs.foodmate.net (2 May 2007), available at http://bbs.foodmate.net/viewthread.php?tid=115968&extra=&page=1.
2. Coal for pigs, Alibaba Net Web Site (08 April 2007), available at http://resources.alibaba.com/topic/40914/Coal_for_pigs_.htm
3. Large intestine, Wikipedia Web Site (25 November 2008), available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine.
4. (China) Duan Xiu-Bin, Preliminary Analysis of Biological Enzymes Originating from Micro-organisms, Unpublished.
5. Life Elements, Wikipedia Web Site (12 September 2007), available at http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=生命元素&variant=zh-cn.
First draft: Jan 05. 2006. Revised for many times.
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The words Swine Flu have become boring. Turn on the TV and it is there on all the news channels, open a newspaper and the column inches are thick. There can be no doubting the seriousness of the disease but would it be fair to assume we are in over kill mode?
The concern for the professionals is always the migration of virus from animal to man, understandably so.
The way bacteria mutate makes control difficult if not impossible, this though is always the case. The worry for you and I is that our scientists identify something that spreads like wild-fire and has no know cure, sounds like a scene from a Hollywood block buster, Outbreak anyone?
In reality the reverse is often true. A silent, almost under the radar killer that suffers very little media attention and as such goes about its work in a quiet but deadly fashion. Perhaps fashion is the operative word here.
The hyped up nature of the pandemic, from a pig or bird to to your next door neighbour in one swift swoop, or worse to you. This news is hot, it can’t fail to sell to the masses and the media are ready to deliver. You can visulise the editors looking for that many angles the very thought makes you dizzy, or is that a symptom, now I am starting to worry. The beads of sweat that I once blamed on looking for jobs in the classifieds have turned into the high temperature virus fight between my confused body and this retched Swine Flu.
Perhaps the cynic in me says this is just the good news day that the world has been waiting for a year for. Tired of the Middle East Syndrome, straining at the credit crunch and American Presidential matters, the one piece of fresh news that effects us all, so they say, is a damn good health scare.
So what of the origins of this Swine Flu? Mexico, but thousands of people suffer at the hands of flu anyway what makes this strain different than the rest? It would be glib to ignore the real issues here.
And these are that a Pandemic is always a possiblity, the killer disease, organism, virus, whaterver, transcending the barrier between animal and man and spreading at such a rate that within years, months weeks or days we have suffered such fatalities that selling newspapers would become pointless. Oh you cynic.
There are far more pressing issues facing us today and tomorrow. Global warming, tugs at the heart strings of those environmentalists amongst us but has failed to ignite the masses yet, more work needed Mr Media.
The financial meltdown world-wide has headlined for too long now, let’s hit the reality button and move on, for this would surely kick start the process.
War and peace may always be a the subject of media focus, unless our need for aggression is controlled, i feel another Hollywood film on the way.
Third world poverty although always there hits the headlines in cycles.
Front page news often decends to a second, third and forth page. When this is true it is often gone as soon as it came. The real threat however it the consistant menace from the page five snippet.
Oh and by the way C Diff has just claimed its 10th victim at the Maidstone Hospital or Asbestos has been found at my childs school.
Hospital acquired infections are a huge problem in the UK. Thousands have died in recent years. MRSA and C diff have and will continue to effect the lives of many.
Asbestos related diseases such as Mesothelioma and Asbestosis have and will continue to blight hundreds of thousands world wide, despite steps to irradecate the use of asbestos. The latent period of symptoms to develop from initial exposure can be upwards of 40 years.
The conspiracy theorists amongst will always have fuel for their opinions but in my humble opinion it is the issues that sit just below the headlines that are the real threat. Look at it another way, was it not HG Wells who created one of the first mass hysterias with the radio broadcast of ‘War of the Worlds’ and yet it was the humble cold that defeated the aggressors?
If you or a loved one have been or you think have been effected by the hospital acquired infections MRSA or C Diff. Or have concerns about Asbestos Exposure then see below.
The major divisions of mechanical engineering are designs and controls, thermo-science and fluids, engineering mechanics, and manufacturing. Depending on the colleges and the universities, some mechanical engineering programs offer more specialized programs, such as mechatronics, robotics, transport and logistics, cryogenics, and biomechanics, if a separate department does not exist for these subjects.
Modern analysis and design processes in mechanical engineering are aided by various computational tools like finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). In system design and controls, a mechanical engineer may apply CAD/CAM systems to feed “instructions” to computer numerically-controlled (CNC) machines such as robots, milling machines, and lathes. In this way the engineer could automate the manufacturing process without the need for intermediate drawings. A mechanical engineer working in thermo-fluid might design a heat sink, an air conditioning system, or an internal combustion engine. Other processes might focus on the fluid itself, such as a fan to cool an electrical system, a turbine to power a submarine, or a spray gun to apply chemical coatings.
Given the wide range of subjects, students preparing to study mechanical engineering should consider the programs available in their respective colleges and universities. Most mechanical engineering programs offer the major subjects of study. Fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering include: statics, dynamics, strength of materials, solid mechanics, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, refrigeration and air conditioning, kinematics (including robotics), manufacturing technology, mechatronics and control theory. Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply concepts from chemistry and electrical engineering. At the smallest scales, mechanical engineering becomes nanotechnology and molecular engineering - one speculative goal of which is to create a molecular assembler to build molecules and materials via mechanosynthesis. For now this goal remains within exploratory engineering.
This is the ideal brewing pump built by March Manufacturing. This pump is constructed of food-grade material, handles wort at boiling temperature, and takes back pressure (flow restriction). The pump housing is made from polysulfone because it is a tough, food-grade plastic rated to temperatures as hot as 250F, well above boiling wort temperatures. It offers many of the benefits of the ideal mate…
“This comprehensive reference covers all the important aspects of heat exchangers (HEs)–their design and modes of operation–and practical, large-scale applications in process, power, petroleum, transport, air conditioning, refrigeration, cryogenics, heat recovery, energy, and other industries. Reflecting the author’s extensive practical experience in industry, the Heat Exchanger Design Handbook …
This digital document is an article from Rubber World, published by Lippincott & Peto, Inc. on October 1, 2008. The length of the article is 2011 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Citation DetailsTitle: How heat transfer fluids saved a manu…
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